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Vitalism
Vitalism is the belief that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things" [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism].
Friedrich Wöhler showed that urea could be made in the laboratory without any kind of vital force or ingredient. In doing so, he scientifically proved that the theory of vitalism was incorrect.
Friedrich Wöhler showed that urea could be made in the laboratory without any kind of vital force or ingredient. In doing so, he scientifically proved that the theory of vitalism was incorrect.
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Stanley Miller and Harold Urey later produced a variety of organic compounds through simulating the conditions that were possibly found when life began. samples kept from their experiment have since been shown to include more than 20 amino acids even though only 20 are found in living things.
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Link to The Race For the Double HelixPASSWORD PROTECTED
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Click the thermocycler for more from McGraw Hill |
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Click for PCR Virtual Lab |
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About Taq polymerase....
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Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and Taq polymerase was identified as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR.
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| ib_transcription___translation_2017.pptx |
JMOL - A tool for studying the structure of biological molecules
YOU MAY NEED TO RETURN TO THE INDEX FOR EACH STAGE
Open a PowerPoint document (or Apple equivalent)
Produce a title page with a mesmerising background!
Slide 2: Select Monosaccharides → Glucose. Make a screenshot and paste into the slide (you may need to adjust the image to fit the slide). Produce a colour key for the elements in the stick model.
Slide 3: Select Monosaccharides → Fructose. Make a screenshot and paste into the slide. State the most obvious difference between the two structures of glucose and fructose.
Slide 4: Select Disaccharides → Sucrose. Make a screenshot and paste into the slide. Using arrows (shapes) label the glucose, fructose and glycosidic bond. Suggest why carbohydrates are transported in plants as sucrose rather than glucose. Name the tissues that transport the sucrose (IGCSE knowledge).
Slide 5: Select Polysaccharides → Cellulose. Click on the film camera and zoom to view 4-5 monomers. Make a screenshot and paste. Label a glycosidic 1-4 bond. Is the structure curved or straight? With reference to the function of cellulose, suggest why it needs to be a straight molecule. (Look up the structure of plant cell walls in you textbook if you have no idea!)
Slide 6: Select Polysaccharides → Starch. Click on the film camera. Make a screenshot and paste. Describe the shape of the molecule. State the function of starch in plants.
Slide 7: Select fatty acids → Palmitic acid. This is a saturated acid. Define the term, saturated acid.
Slide 8: Select fatty acids → oleic acid. Check the following boxes:
Slide 9: Select triglycerols. The IB will always use the term TRIGLYCERIDE! Check the box:
Slide 10: Select phospholipids: Make a screenshot and paste into the slide. Produce a colour key for the elements. Label the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. State the structure formed by these molecules.
Slide 11: Select amino acids → non-polar → glycine. Switch between “stick”, “ball and stick” and spheres. Screen capture each, paste and crop. Label each type of diagram/model. Lick on CHONS to help you produce a colour key. Go to the amino acid index → select polar, non-charged amino acids. Screenshot and paste. Label the sulphur. Explain why this amino acid is so important in producing the tertiary structure of a protein.
Slide 12: Use the remaining protein section to show examples of primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure. In each case, screen capture and paste. Then crop and label. Name the proteins where possible. Give the functions of lysozyme and haemoglobin.
Slide 13: Go to nitrogenous bases. Capture each of the four structures. Sort out into purines and pyrimidines. Which nitrogenous base is only found in DNA? Which nitrogenous base is found only in RNA? Define the term “complimentary base pairing” and explain its importance in DNA replication.
Slide 14: Go to DNA. Check show hydrogen bonds. Scree capture and paste into your presentation. Label the following:
Slide 15: Go to RNA. Check the options: “show the whole molecule” show and simplified cartoon rendering X. Screen capture, paste and crop. State the type of RNA. Label the four types of nitrogenous bases (colour key helps here). Identify the base sequence at the (amino acid) attachment site at the 3’ end (This is always the same!). Explain the role of this type of RNA in protein synthesis.
Open a PowerPoint document (or Apple equivalent)
Produce a title page with a mesmerising background!
Slide 2: Select Monosaccharides → Glucose. Make a screenshot and paste into the slide (you may need to adjust the image to fit the slide). Produce a colour key for the elements in the stick model.
Slide 3: Select Monosaccharides → Fructose. Make a screenshot and paste into the slide. State the most obvious difference between the two structures of glucose and fructose.
Slide 4: Select Disaccharides → Sucrose. Make a screenshot and paste into the slide. Using arrows (shapes) label the glucose, fructose and glycosidic bond. Suggest why carbohydrates are transported in plants as sucrose rather than glucose. Name the tissues that transport the sucrose (IGCSE knowledge).
Slide 5: Select Polysaccharides → Cellulose. Click on the film camera and zoom to view 4-5 monomers. Make a screenshot and paste. Label a glycosidic 1-4 bond. Is the structure curved or straight? With reference to the function of cellulose, suggest why it needs to be a straight molecule. (Look up the structure of plant cell walls in you textbook if you have no idea!)
Slide 6: Select Polysaccharides → Starch. Click on the film camera. Make a screenshot and paste. Describe the shape of the molecule. State the function of starch in plants.
Slide 7: Select fatty acids → Palmitic acid. This is a saturated acid. Define the term, saturated acid.
Slide 8: Select fatty acids → oleic acid. Check the following boxes:
- Color the CH-CH double bond.
- Show double bonds as double sticks.
Slide 9: Select triglycerols. The IB will always use the term TRIGLYCERIDE! Check the box:
- Show double bonds as double sticks.
Slide 10: Select phospholipids: Make a screenshot and paste into the slide. Produce a colour key for the elements. Label the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. State the structure formed by these molecules.
Slide 11: Select amino acids → non-polar → glycine. Switch between “stick”, “ball and stick” and spheres. Screen capture each, paste and crop. Label each type of diagram/model. Lick on CHONS to help you produce a colour key. Go to the amino acid index → select polar, non-charged amino acids. Screenshot and paste. Label the sulphur. Explain why this amino acid is so important in producing the tertiary structure of a protein.
Slide 12: Use the remaining protein section to show examples of primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure. In each case, screen capture and paste. Then crop and label. Name the proteins where possible. Give the functions of lysozyme and haemoglobin.
Slide 13: Go to nitrogenous bases. Capture each of the four structures. Sort out into purines and pyrimidines. Which nitrogenous base is only found in DNA? Which nitrogenous base is found only in RNA? Define the term “complimentary base pairing” and explain its importance in DNA replication.
Slide 14: Go to DNA. Check show hydrogen bonds. Scree capture and paste into your presentation. Label the following:
- Phosphate
- Deoxyribose sugar
- Nitrogenous base
- Hydrogen bonds
- Covalent bonds
Slide 15: Go to RNA. Check the options: “show the whole molecule” show and simplified cartoon rendering X. Screen capture, paste and crop. State the type of RNA. Label the four types of nitrogenous bases (colour key helps here). Identify the base sequence at the (amino acid) attachment site at the 3’ end (This is always the same!). Explain the role of this type of RNA in protein synthesis.
For biological molecule models: |
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