The Heart

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Cell Membranes

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Click the Dropbox on the right to download the presentation on cell membranes:
Links to animations and interactive learning resources
Interactive animations in biochemistry - Cell transport
Interactive construction of  cell membrane
Interactive turorial on membrane structure
Short quiz on cell membrane structure
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Click the Dropbox icon to download the questions on cell membranes:

Results

Conclusions:

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  • The large vacuoles of beetroot cells contain a red pigments called betalains.
  • These  cannot normally pass through either the membrane surrounding the large vacuole or the cell membrane.
  • Heating results in betalains leaving the cells resulting in a chnge in the colour of the surrounding water.
  • The higher the temperature, the more betalains diffuse out of the cells.
  • At lower temperatures the phospholipids in the bilayer vibrate gently.
  • At higher temperatures, the phospholipids gain kinetic energy and vibrate more vigorously and this disrupts the membrane structure.
  • This can create gaps through which the betalians can diffuse and leak out of the cell.
  • The greater the heat, the greater the kinetic energy ofthe phospholipids and the more the lipid bilayer is disrupted. This leads to more openings and more betalains diffuse out of the cell into the surrounding water.

Cell Organelles

Wiley.com: Structure of prokaryotic, plant and animal cells.
Dynanotes.com: Learn cell structure and function via a snakes and ladders game
Iknowthat.com: Cell organelle structure and function with added detail 
Johnwiley.net.au: Linking cell organelles to function
Assemble the Cell - To complete this interactive activity, click the image on the right.
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Link to resource covering the ultrastucture of plant cells including electronmicrographs.
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Histology Learning System - The Ultrastructure of cells (Electron micrographs).
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Components of a typical animal cell with Wikipedia hyperlinks:
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nucleus
  3. Ribosome (little dots)
  4. Vesicle
  5. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  6. Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
  7. Cytoskeleton
  8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  9. Mitochondrion
  10. Vacuole
  11. Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles)
  12. Lysosome
  13. Centrosome (Centrioles)
  14. Cell membrane

Classification of Bacteria

Bioreactors

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Click the icon to attempt the crossword
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Stages in the thermocycler
Heat to 90-95°C - DENATURES/separates the DNA strands through breaking the weak hydrogen bonds
Cool to 50-55°C - ANNEALS (joins) the primers to the DNA strands
Heat to 75°C - Optimum temperature for the Taq polymerase to ELONATE the DNA strands
The cycle is repeated resulting in an exponential increase in the amount of DNA (AMPLIFICATION)